A terminal degree is the highest academic degree in a given field of study. This phrase is in academic use in the United States but is little used outside North America. The term is not generally used in the United Kingdom or Canada, for example, and its exact meaning varies somewhat between those areas and disciplines in which the term is used.
An earned academic (or research) doctorate such as a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is considered the terminal degree in most academic fields of study in the United States. However, professional doctorates may be considered terminal degrees within the professional degree track, even though they are prerequisites for research degrees. In addition, in some countries there are degrees which are more advanced than the PhD, such as the higher doctorates in the United Kingdom and Russia, and the habilitation degree awarded in Germany. Also, not all terminal degrees are doctorates. For example, in professional practice fields there are often terminal master-level degrees such as MEng (Master Engineering), MLArch and MArch standing for Master Landscape Architect and Master Architect or even bachelor-level degrees such as BArch which stands for Bachelor of Architecture or BEng for Engineers, MB (Bachelor of Medicine - UK). Most non-doctoral degrees are not terminal in academic terms, with the exception of the Master of Fine Arts (MFA). The MFA is an academically recognized terminal degree and is given to practitioners in the fine and performing arts.
Research degrees
In academic fields, the typical terminal degree is that of Doctor of Philosophy, although others also exist. The first phase of the Ph.D. consists of coursework in the student's field of study and requires one to three years to complete. This is often followed by a preliminary or comprehensive examination and/or a series of cumulative examinations, in which the emphasis is on breadth rather than depth of knowledge. Finally, another two to four years is usually required for the composition of a substantial and original contribution to human knowledge embodied in a written dissertation that in the social sciences and humanities is typically 250 to 450 pages in length. Dissertations generally consist of (i) a comprehensive literature review, (ii) an outline of methodology, and (iii) several chapters of scientific, social, historical, philosophical, or literary analysis. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, sometimes public, by his or her supervisory committee with expertise in the given discipline.
Typical terminal professional and research degrees
- Master of Art and Design (MAD)
- Master of Architecture (M.Arch)
- Doctor of Arts (DA)
- Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
- Doctor of Behavioral Health (DBH)
- Doctor of Canon Law (JCD)
- Master of City Planning (MPLAN, MCRP, MUP, MCP, MCD or MURP)
- Doctor of Computer Science (DSc.Comp, DCS, D.C.Sc.), D.C.Sc.)
- Doctor of Design (DDes)
- Master of Design (MDes)
- Doctor of Education (EdD)
- Educational Specialist (EdS)
- Doctor of Engineering (Dr.-Ing./DEng/Dr. Eng./EngD)
- Master of Fine Arts (MFA)
- Master of Graphic Design (MGraph)
- Doctor of Healthcare Administration (DHA)
- Doctor of Health Science (DHSc)
- Doctor of Information Technology (DIT)
- Doctor of Juridical Science (JSD/SJD) (in the U.S.)
- Master of Landscape Architecture (MLArch and/or MLA)
- Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS, MLS, MSLS) (Given in the US, by an ALA accredited school or program.)
- Doctor of Management (DMgt or DM)
- Doctor of Ministry (DMin)
- Doctor of Music (DM)
- Doctor of Musical Arts (DMA) (Usually awarded to performance majors in the musical arts)
- Doctor of Modern Languages (DML)
- Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)
- Doctor of Occupational Therapy (DOT or OTD)
- Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil)
- Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT)
- Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM)
- Doctor of Professional Studies (DPS)
- Master of Project Management (MPM)
- Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)
- Doctor of Public Administration (DPA)
- Doctor of Public Health (DrPH, DPH)
- Doctor of Science (DSc)
- Doctor of Social Science (DSocSci)
- Doctor of Theology (ThD or DTh)
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Professional degrees
A professional degree is a degree that is required, often by law as in the case of medical and other clinical professions, that must be earned first before the holder of the degree can practice in the profession. A speech-language pathologist, for example, must hold a master's degree in communicative disorders: speech-language pathology in order to practice, but an actor does not need a degree to act, even though there are degrees for acting available. In some fields, especially those linked to a profession (such as medicine or law), a distinction is to be drawn between a first professional degree, an advanced professional degree, and a terminal academic degree. A first professional degree is generally required by law or custom to practice the profession without limitation. An advanced professional degree provides further training in a specialized area of the profession. A first professional degree is an academic degree designed to prepare the holder for a particular career or profession, fields in which scholarly research and academic activity are not the profession, but rather the practice of the profession. In many cases such as law and medicine, the first professional degree is also the terminal degree, usually because no further advanced degree is required for practice in that field, even though more advanced academic degrees may exist.
Typical first professional degree
- Master of Accountancy (MAcc, MAcy, MSAcy)
- Advanced Practice Nurse (DNP, DNAP, DNS, DNSc)
- Architect (B.Arch, M.Arch, D.Arch)
- Architectural Engineering (B.A.E, M.A.E)
- Audiologist (MS, or AuD)
- Business Administration (MBA)
- Counselling (MA, MC, PhD)
- Landscape Architect (BLArch-First Professional Degree)
- Master of Health Administration (MHA)
- Engineer/ Engineering (BE, BEng, MEng, BSE, BScEng, BASc, MEng)
- Occupational Therapy (OTD, DrOT, or MSOT, MA, MOT)
- Optometrist (OD, B.Optom)
- Bachelor of Education or a Bachelor's usable for teaching (BEd), or BA, BME, BSE,BSocSc, BSc
- Physician or Surgeon (M.D., D.O., MBBS, MDCM, MBChB, BMed, Dr.med, Dr.MuD, Cand.med, etc.).
- Dentist (DMD, BDent, DDS, BDS, BDSc, BChD, CD, Cand.Odont., Dr.Med.Dent. etc.)
- Lawyer (J.D., LL.B.)
- Pharmacist (BPharm, BScPhm, PharmB, MPharm, PharmD)
- Physical Therapist (DPT, DPhysio, MPT, BSPT)
- Physician Assistant (MPAS, MPS, MS)
- Podiatrist (DPM, DP, BPod, PodB, or PodD)
- Psychologist (PhD, PsyD, ClinPsyD or EdS)
- Urban Planning (MPLAN, MCRP, MUP, MCP, MCD or MURP)
- Nurse (BSN, BSc)
- Veterinarian (DVM, VMD, BVS, BVSc, BVMS, etc.)
- Speech-Language Pathology (MA, MS)
- Social worker (BSW, BA, BSc)
- Scientist (BSc, BS)
Advanced professional degrees
- Speech-Language Pathology (MA, MS)
- Education (MEd, MAT, MT, EdS)
- Social Science (DSocSci)
- Social Work (MSW, DSW, ProfD or PhD)
- Lawyer (LLM, LLD, PhD, JSD)
- Medicine (MD) (advanced degree in countries that award a bachelor's degree in medicine or surgery as first professional degree, usually awarded for outstanding research to a particular field of Medicine)
- Dental Science (DDSc, Dr.Odont) (advanced degree in countries that award a bachelor's degree in dental surgery as first professional degree, usually awarded for outstanding research to a particular field of Dentistry)
- Surgery (MS, MSurg, MCh, ChM, or MChir) (Usually granted after completion of surgery training program in conjunction with a research thesis)
- Dentistry (MDS, MSD, MDSc, or DClinDent) (these are usually granted at the culmination of a specialty training program in dentistry in those programs that also require research and a thesis to be completed)
- Engineering (MEng, MASc, MMSc, PD)
- Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN: CRNA, NP, CNM, CNS) (DNP, DNAP, DNS, DNSc)
- Biotechnology (ALM)
- Psychology (PsyD)
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